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国际商务环境对国际商务活动具有重大的影响，而其中文化环境更有着不可小窥的地位，文化行为集中体现了一个国家中人们的基本信仰和价值观念。它不仅影响企业跨国经营与管理的风格，更对国际商务战略决策产生重要影响。

例如：我国著名的“白象”牌电池，翻译成英语White Elephant，语义信息对等虽然不错，但从文化信息对等来看却是糟糕的翻译，因为white elephant在西方国家中意思是“没有用反而累赘的东西”。这个含义源自一个传说。相传有个国王讨厌手下的一个大臣，为了惩罚他，国王送给该大臣一头白色的大象。该大臣发觉这头象非常棘手，因为是国王送给他的，他既不敢转送给他人，更不敢宰杀，只好小心地侍侯着它。可是白象的胃口极大，把大臣给吃穷了。由此可知，英语国家的人恐怕不会买牌子为White Elephant的电池，因为消费者不愿买“没有用反而累赘的东西”。那么。“白象”牌电池应该怎样翻译呢?我们可以考虑用一种西方人心中象征着强大、有力量的动物lion来代替，将“白象”译成Brown Lion。如果买来的电池威力无比，顾客何乐而不为呢?

我国企业在跨文化国际商务经营过程中始终处在一个多元化和异质的文化环境里。特别是在与西方经济发达国家进行经济交往，东西方文化的差异和地区间的文化差异必然会在国际商务的经济运行中反映出来，甚至形成商业冲突。因此，跨文化已经成为影响我国企业进行国际商务活动的一个重要因素，有时甚至是决定因素。采取有效的手段，将国际商务经营活动中的文化冲突降低到最低程度，使我国企业在参与国际经济竞争过程中，不仅适应国际商务活动主体之间的经济环境，更能适应相互之间的文化环境，并且取得竞争优势和获得国际经营活动主动权，使我国企业再跨文化国际经济活动中所必须重视和值得研究的问题。

世界贸易组织和地区经济一体化联盟以及交通运输与信息技术的飞速发展和进步，使得世界经济中的国际商务交往的范围和空间更为扩大。世界经济与文化一体化的趋势表现为文化的经济和经济的文化化，文化与经济相互渗透和影响。

影响国际商务的另一个文化因素使社会对于时间的观念。在一些欧洲文化中，守时非常重要，而在另一些文化中，迟到是可以被接受的行为。类似的，在一些美洲文化中，时间也不是一个很强的约束因素，实际上，迟到也是可以被接受的。

一国文化的时间观念可能有助于跨国公司从事商务活动，例如：日本人往往经过长时间的考虑才会作出决定。然而他们一旦做出了决策，便会按预定的时间表完成任务。在很多西方文化中则正好相反，人们会很快作出决定，但采取行动却很迟缓。因此，对那些喜欢快速实施的企业来说，东方文化更为理想

英语短文东西方文化差异

写作思路：从文章的写作目的、中心主旨入手，以使文章中心思想鲜明、深刻地表现出来，正文：

Today,lots of people are affected by western culture especially the new generation who born after 1990s.

今天，许多人受到西方文化的影响，尤其是90后。

In my opinion,some of western culture is good but some of them are not suited.Learning western culture can let us know about what is the western custom and what differnets between chinese and western.

在我看来，有些西方文化是好的，但有些不适合。学习西方文化可以让我们了解西方的习俗和中西文化的差异。

because of comparison we can learn the positive sides such as more confident,independent.On the other side,the negative sides we should not learn.for example,some high school student even younger fall in love with others.

因为比较，我们可以学到积极的一面，如更加自信、独立。另一方面，消极的一面我们不应该学习。

They spend much time to do it and forget what more important things they really need to do in that moment.Indeed,every coins have two sides.how to do deal with it,I think let time make the answer.

例如，一些高中生甚至更年轻就爱上了别人。他们花了很多时间去做这件事，却忘记了在那一刻他们真正需要做的更重要的事情。的确，每个硬币都有两面。如何处理它，我想让时间来回答。

What leads to the cultural difference?

The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot. This is because the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole.

The origin of the eastern cultures is mainly from two countries: China and India. Both of the two cultures are gestated by rivers. In China, the mother river is the Yellow River while the Indian one is the Hindu River. These two cultures were developed for several thousand years and formed their own styles. Then in Dang Dynasty of China, the Chinese culture gradually went overseas to Japan, mixed into the Japanese society and shaped the Japanese culture nowadays. Though a bit different from the Chinese one, it belongs to the same system.

When the two mother rivers gave birth to the eastern culture, another famous culture was brought up on the Mesopotamian Plain ---- the Mesopotamian Civilization. This civilization later on developed into the cultures of the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. And these two are well-known as the base of the European culture. Like the Chinese culture, the European one also crossed waters. When the colonists of England settled down in America, their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean. So the American culture doesn't distinguish from the European one a lot.

At the same time, the difference of the language systems adds to the cultural differences. In the East, most languages belong to the pictographic language (see the picture below) while the Western languages are mostly based on the Latin system, for example, the one I’m using to write this paper.

Other factors like human race difference counts as well. But what’s more, due to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries. So they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference from the other.

Pictographic charactors

Part II How differently do people behave in daily life?

The differences are everywhere. They affect people’s ways of thinking and their views of the world. Even in everyday life, the cultural differences show up from the moment the eyes are opened to the minute the dreams are invited.

In the following, I’ll give some typical example of the differences.

Section 1: Greeting

Greeting is the first step to form a culture, because people begin to communicate with others. The individuals become a community.

How do we Chinese greet each other? Informally, if we meet an friend in the street, we are used to say: “Hi, have you had your meal?” or “Where are you going?”. When it is the case of two gentlemen, they tend to shake hands.

However, in the western countries, the above questions are just questions, not greeting at all. They may think you’re inviting them to dinner if you ask about their meals. Usually, they’ll just give each other a smile or greet with a “Hi.”. They’ll shake hands only in some formal situations. By the way, Westerners can leave a party or meeting halls without a formal conge, nor should they shake hands with every attendee like most of us will do here.

Section 2: Expressing gratitude

Think of the situations below. Your mother is busy in the kitchen. She suddenly asks you to fetch a bowl for her. You do so. What’ll your mother’s response be? Probably she’ll just continue doing the cooking. After a while, the dinner is ready. Your mother hands you your bowl of rice. What’s your response? Probably just begin to eat.

That’s what I want to say. In Chinese families, we rarely say “Thank you” to other family members for receiving help or service. Neither will we say so between good friends. It’s such an unpopular response that if you say it, the counterpart will think you are treating him as a stranger, otherwise you are lacking of intimacy.

But in the West, "thank you" is one of the most frequently used sentences. Teachers will thank a student for answering a question; husbands will thank his wife for making a coffee.

However, as an interesting phenomenon, it’s a custom to say "thank you" in Japan. No matter in family or among friends, Japanese chronically use it all the day. This is probably the aberrance of the culture.

Section 3 Dining

The ways people eat, that is, the table manner, really distinguish a lot. The reason for this is probably because of the different dining tools and menus.

Easterners use chopsticks, or sometimes even grasp rice straightly with hands as Indians do. The thin and long chopsticks cannot be used to cut food, so we usually use our teeth to act as knives. We hold our food, meat or vegetable, with the chopsticks, send them to the mouths, bite off a part of it and remain the other part on the chopsticks. That’s the usual way we eat. We are also used to hold up our bowls when having rice or soup. Japanese hold bowls to have miso soup without spoons. But all these habits are considered rude in the Western countries.

The etiquette in the West requests that when eating, bowls and plates cannot leave the tables. Food should be cut by knives to fit into the mouths. Of course your mouth cannot touch the plates or bowls. So the regular process is like this. You cut your steak on the plate with fork and knife, send the meat cube into the mouth with fork and nothing will be returned back but the fork alone.

Section 4 Symbolizing

Symbolization is how people imagine or regard something. It actually reflects the way people think. Here I’ll only discuss some symbolization that frequently appears in daily life.

First is about the colors. We often give each color some meanings, because we feel differently when facing different colors. So people always have preference when choosing colors of clothes, decorations, etc. In the APEC summit held in Shanghai several years ago, in the last day, the presidents from all over the world wore the traditional Chinese Dang suits and took a photo together. The colors of the suits were chosen by themselves freely. However, it’s quite interesting to find that most Easterners chose red while most of the westerners preferred blue. To explain this, it’s easy to realize that what red means is almost opposite in the East and the West. Red means luck, fortune here. We Chinese often use this color to decorate in festivals, such as red lanterns, red Chinese nodes, red bangers. But red stands for blood, revolutions in the West. So the presidents avoided wearing this unlucky color.

Another interesting discovery is about the dragons. In the East, dragons are imagined as something like snake and are flowing in the sky for most of the time. The dragon is said to have the face of the horse, the horns of the deer, the ears of the ox, the body of the snake, the claws of the eagle and squama of the fish. We regard dragon as God and say that we Chinese are the offspring of the dragon. The God of Dragons of the four seas can charge the rainfalls, so we sometimes also call them the God of the water or rain. But in the West, people think dragons as dinosaurs, which can stand on the ground with feet and fly with huge wings. They lay eggs just like dinosaurs. The dragons of the West have the ability to erupt fire, instead of water. The fire can destroy everything so the dragons are not welcomed at all. They even become the symbol of the Devil.

Dragons Imagined by Chinese

Dragon Imagined by the Westerners

Part III What can we do to treat the culture gap?

Now we have seen that there exists such a huge gap between eastern culture and western one. Then what should we do to face this gap in the gradually globalizing world?

Firstly, we cannot deny any of the cultures. Every nation has its own characteristics and it’s mainly through its culture that we first begin to know the nation and its characteristics. So we cannot say that this culture or custom is right and that is wrong. Equal respect should be attached to every culture in the world, even to those that are not in existence any more.

Next, we should get to learn how to coordinate the different cultures. We say the world is becoming smaller and smaller. More foreigners come and go everyday. When it is in the same country, the same city, the same neighborhood, the cultural collision is expected to be more serious. So we should try to avoid this happening. One important thing is to get some basic knowledge about the other cultures so as not to misunderstand some actions or habits of the foreigners.

When the above two is done, we can start to communicate. I mean we can take in some strong points from the foreign cultures. Though there doesn’t exist correctness in terms of culture, it does have the terms of more advanced or more suitable for the world nowadays. Of course, we cannot throw away our own culture and accept another one totally. Every culture is a treasure to the history of the Earth, so we should only pick out those we lack to perfect our own.

Different cultures add the most colorful element to the world of 21st century. The cultural gap should not be the obstacle to the civilization of human being. It ought to be the motivation of our going farther.

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